Plagiarize :
the act of "copying (an author) by improperly attributing to oneself passages from his or her work" (Petit Robert)
Plagiarism:
- "Work made from borrowings; unacknowledged reproduction of an original work or part thereof" CNRTL
- "Plagiarism is the appropriation of content (words, images, tables, graphics) without the consent of its author (or rightful claimants), without citing its sources, for the purpose of presenting it as one's own creation or work."
Leroux, Laurence, Serres, Alexandre. "Plagiarism. In UBL (Université Bretagne Loire). Formadoct. Rennes: UBL, November 2017 (last maj: January 23, 2020).
Plagiarism may be intentional or unintentional
Pascal Guibet and Christophe Michaut[1] list a number of ways in which it can be used:
"Theft or purchase, in order to reproduce them in their entirety, materials - research articles available on databases, essays, presentations, internship reports, etc. - and claim authorship. This category also includes documents downloaded from the Internet and reproduced verbatim without modification of the original text.
- Call in a ghostwriter to do the work. The ghostwriter can be a friend or a specialist company.
- Create a document from one or more originals - texts, tables, graphs, images, etc. - omitting quotation marks and/or the source (e.g., copy and paste passages from the Internet).
- To paraphrase a document or an idea without giving references and impersonating (voluntarily or involuntarily) the author. [...]
The Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) adds to this the translation of texts without mentioning the source, and self-plagiarism, which consists of submitting the same document for several assessments [...]".
What does plagiarism look like?
from The Plagiarism Spectrum - Instructor Insights into the 10 Types of Plagiarism. French translation:
Thot Cursus Training and Digital Culture
1. Cloning
Submitting someone else's work, word for word, as your own.
2. CTRL-C
Propose a text that includes appreciable parts of text from a single other source, without modification (without quoting the source).
3. Find-replace
Load keywords and phrases from a text, but retain the essential content (without quoting the source).
4. Remixing
Paraphrase other sources and link content without gaps (without quoting sources).
5. Recycling
Borrow liberally from previous works, without citation. Self-plagiarize.
6. Hybridization
Combine perfectly cited sources and plagiarized passages - without citation - in the same text.
7. Compilation
A text composed from a mixture of material copied from different sources without proper citations.
8. 404 error
A text that includes quotations referring to non-existent or inaccurate sources.
9. Aggregation
A text that quotes correctly but contains virtually no original material.
10. Re-Tweet
A text that cites correctly, but too closely resembles the structure and syntax of the original work.
[1] Pascal Guibert and Christophe Michaut, "Le plagiat étudiant", Education et sociétés 2011/2 (n° 28), p. 152. DOI 10.3917/es.028.014
